Spoiler alert: Your fear of flying is likely to increase after reading this.
Hundreds of pilots who are currently flying commercial planes may be clinically depressed, according to research published in the journal Environmental Health on Wednesday. Worse still, many pilots with symptoms of depression may not seek treatment due to fears of negative career consequences, such as being grounded, said researchers at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Nearly 1,850 pilots participated in the anonymous, web-based survey conducted between April and December 2015 and led by Joseph Allen, senior author and an assistant professor of exposure assessment science at Harvard Chan School.
The new study comes just a year and a half after a depressed Germanwings co-pilot killed 150 people when he deliberately crashed a plane into the French Alps.
High prevalence
Allen and his colleagues designed the survey with a mix of topics so as not to "tip their hand" and reveal the study's focus on mental health. This was done to avoid participants' preconceptions as much as possible. Pulling standardized questions from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the research team also included queries typically used by doctors to diagnose depression.
After weighing the pros and cons, the team chose to conduct their survey anonymously.
"The advantages of having an anonymous survey would be more important for us because we wanted obviously participation but we wanted the pilots to absolutely feel like their answers were confidential and it wouldn't be able to be traced back to them in any way so that they could honestly report," said Alexander Wu, first author and a doctoral student at Harvard Chan School.
Analyzing the data, Allen, Wu and their colleagues discovered a considerable number of pilots suffering symptoms of depression.
Out of nearly 3,500 participants, 1,848 completed the questions about mental health. Within this group, 233 pilots -- or 12.6% -- met the criteria for likely depression. Of 1,430 pilots who said they'd worked within the past seven days, 193 -- or 13.5% -- met the criteria for depression.
By comparison, 7% of people in the United States experienced depression in the past year, noted the authors.
Overall, 75 pilots (4.1%) reported having suicidal thoughts within the previous two weeks.
Depression was more likely among pilots who were victims of sexual harassment (36.4% among those experiencing harassment four or more times in the past week) or verbal harassment (42.9% among those experiencing harassment four or more times in the past week), the researchers learned. Pilots who used higher levels of sleep aid medication also were more likely to be depressed.
Pilot evaluation
Dr. Andrew F. Leuchter, a professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at UCLA Brain Research Institute, observed that thoughts of suicide are common among depressed people. "We always are concerned about when patients tell us that they are thinking about suicide," he told CNN in an email. "Fortunately, most patients do not act on these thoughts."
Similarly, the Air Line Pilots Association urged caution when interpreting the survey results.
"It is important to remember that airline travel is the safest mode of transportation in the world," the association wrote in an email. The association noted that pilots for US carriers safely accomplish 27,000 takeoffs and landings each day and in all kinds of conditions.
Until now, most information about mental health and pilots has been based on incident investigations and reports and health assessments that are protected by airlines and aviation authorities. The survey was intended to provide a "more accurate description of mental health" among pilots, yet Allen noted that he and his colleagues did not have access to medical records and did not conduct interviews to confirm diagnosis of depression.
According to Leuchter, who was not affiliated with the new research, "the rates of depression among pilots in this study are comparable to (or in some cases lower than) those seen in many population surveys."
He also found the lack of in-person interviews to be a significant flaw of the study along with the fact "that we do not know whether those who chose to respond are representative of pilots in general." Yet, Leuchter said a major strength is that the study "is based upon a large sample of pilots, so it provide more information than previous studies."
The Federal Aviation Administration requires aeromedical examiners to evaluate the fitness of pilots, explained Allen and his co-authors. Examiners, though, do not diagnose mental health conditions, and the only way a mental disorder is even noted in a pilot's health records is if he or she mentions it.
The profession is among the "most highly vetted careers today" in North America, the Air Line Pilots Association responded. The association noted that pilots "are continuously evaluated throughout their careers" through medical exams, training and other programs as well as "during random flight checks by the Federal Aviation Administration."
"Flight and cabin crewmembers also monitor and evaluate each other while on duty, and procedures, processes, and programs exist to respond should a concern arise," added the association.
Yet the authors of the study believe that "underreporting of mental health symptoms and diagnoses is probable among airline pilots due to the public stigma of mental illness and fear among pilots of being "grounded" or not fit for duty."
Prevalence of depressive symptoms among high-stress occupations include 7% among emergency medical technicians, 10 to 17% among police officers, and 12% among deployed and 13% among previously deployed military personnel, the researchers estimate.
In future studies, the researchers hope to examine the risk factors for depression among pilots.
"We suspect that disrupted circadian rhythm and/or sleep disturbances may be associated with having a higher depressive score," said Wu.
The fatal Germanwings incident was not an isolated event, suggested a team of Irish researchers in a study published this year. They report "inconclusive evidence" to suggest the 1999 crash of an EgyptAir Boeing 767 that killed 217 individuals after taking off from New York might have been deliberately caused by the relief first officer. Similarly, an incident report from Silk Air Flight 185, which crashed en route to Singapore in 1997, killing 104, indicated that the captain was suffering from "multi-work related difficulties."
Despite effective treatments, fewer than half of people with depression receive treatment, says the World Health Organization. One of the major barriers for seeking care is social stigma, yet pilots have the added burden of long and continuous work hours, which make scheduling treatment difficult, noted the authors.
In June, the Federal Aviation Administration announced that it will require medical examiners who screen commercial pilots to undergo more training to help them better identify warning signs of mental illnesses. Still, though, commercial pilots will not need to undergo psychological testing.
(culled from CNN)
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